by small_steps » Mon 02 Jan 2006, 15:20:57
First of all, electric motors are energy conversion devices. This is true if permanent magnets are used or not. At a fundemental level, they convert current to torque (motoring) and torque to current (generating).
If you have two strong magnets, you can feel how the effects of the attraction/ repulsion between them. Safety glasses and gloves should be used if you are actually doing this!
To understand how a motor works, you only need three magnets. Two will emulate the rotor flux of a machine, and the third will act as the flux generated by the stator current. Place two of the magnets on a file cabinet, oven or fridge door, fairly close together, so that the magnets have alternating poles into the fridge (and also toward you). Now hold the third magnet over one of the others(do so tightly as the magnet will want to jump toward or away from the other magnet, and toward the surface of the fridge,etc as a loose magnet may easily damage the paint of the fridge, and the magnet could easily brake into a number of pieces), and slide the magnet you are holding toward the other. What you feel is the effect of changing the angle of the current that is fed to the machine. By moving your hand toward and away from the surface of the fridge, you are emulating the effect of increasing or reducing the current in the winding.
The force that you feel is translated into a moment (torque) as the force acts at a distance of the airgap of the machine.
The permanent magnets that are used in machines provide ONE of the sources of flux, the other is produced by the current. In induction machines, both the stator and rotor are produced by stator current, the stator directly, and the rotor as induced by the change in flux (induced = induction).
The decrease in magnet flux over time is not really a problem (think of the relatively short winding insulation lifetime), as long as the machine is properly designed for the magnet material used (that is the temps and demagnetizing fields that the magnet will be exposed to).