IanC wrote:There has been a lot of talk about Special Forces exploiting ethnic divisions in Iran similar to how we allied with the Kurds in N. Iraq to fight the Sunnis and Hussein. Does anyone have a good idea about the ethnic makeup of Iran? Is there a viable minority group that could be used to destabilize the Shiite government? Any chance of popular uprising?
It seems to me that Iran is a more ethnically homogenous country than Iraq, so partitioning the country and/or inflamming simmering tensions will be a lot harder.
Actually, Iran is just as ethnically diverse as Iraq, or more so. According to the CIA World Factbook, only 51% of Iran's population is ethnically Farsi. This is a smaller majority than the 60% of Iraqis who are Shiite Arabs. In fact, if the 51% figure comes from the Iranian government, it could be exaggerated, and the dominant Farsis might be a minority, albeit a plurality. They are overwhelmingly Shiite and dominate Iran politically and culturally.
The next biggest group is the Azeris (24%, some sources give a higher number). This group, which speaks a language close to Turkish, is the majority in the neighboring country of Azerbaijan. However, the Azeris are Shiite like the majority Farsis, and there is not much record of Azeri opposition to the government.
Each of the remaining minority groups makes up less than 10% of the population. Three of them (Gilaki and Mazandarani, together 8%; and Luri, 2%) are Shiites and ethnic cousins of the Farsis and seem well integrated with the dominant Farsis. The Turkmens (2%) also seem well integrated, and observers report that most young Turkmens speak Farsi and do not identify much with their ethnic origins. The only groups that have shown much evidence of separatist sentiment are the Kurds (7%), the Arabs (3%), and the Baloches (2%). These last three groups live in border regions.
The Sunni Kurds are the obvious allies for the US. They live along the Iraqi border, and their territory an obvious bridgehead for a US invasion (however farfetched that might seem at the moment). The Kurds are aware that the US has supported the autonomy of their brethren in Iraq, and no doubt some of them might hope to break free of Iran and form a pan-Kurdish state. Turkey, however, with its own large Kurdish miniority, would vigorously oppose this and would react with hostility to any US support for such a development.
Iran's Arab minority is also a hypothetical US ally, but I doubt that the US is endearing itself to Iranian Arabs. These mostly Shiite Arabs mostly live in Khuzestan, in the southwest, along the Iraqi border, and they are ethnically identical with the neighboring Shiite Arabs of Iraq. Iraq's Shiites are growing increasingly disenchanted with a US that is seen as using Shiite Arabs for its own purposes.
Finally, the Baloches, also known as Baluchis. There is a Baluchi separatist movement in neighboring Pakistan, and the Baloch/Baluchi extends from Pakistan into neighboring Iran. These are mostly tribal people who probably do not identify with the Farsis. However, they are also conservative Muslims (mainly Sunni) and are unlikely to be friendly to the US.
While Iran is ethnically diverse, there has not been much history of ethnic unrest outside Kurdistan. Iran's ruling class defines itself more in religious than in ethnic terms, and I think that there are few barriers to ethnic minorities who embrace Shiism and can speak Farsi, so there is not so much sense of grievance. Also, unlike Iraq, Iran has a history of stability within its present borders going back more than 3 centuries.
While the neocon dreamers in Washington may imagine that they can use ethnic division within Iran to bring down the regime, I think that the most that they could do would be to create a headache for Tehran along Iran's western border in Kurdistan.