Abstract
Agricultural activities and soils release greenhouse gases, and additional emissions occur in the conversion of land from other uses. Unlike natural lands, active management offers the possibility to increase terrestrial stores of carbon in various forms in soil. The potential to sequester carbon as thermally stabilized (charred) biomass using existing organic resource is estimated to be at least 1 Gt yr− 1 and “biochar,” defined by its useful application to soil, is expected to provide a benefit from enduring physical and chemical properties. Studies of charcoal tend to suggest stability in the order of 1000 years in the natural environment, and various analytical techniques inform quantification and an understanding of turnover processes. Other types of biochar, such as those produced under zero-oxygen conditions have been studied less, but costs associated with logistics and opportunity costs from diversion from energy or an active form in soil demand certainty and predictability of the agronomic return, especially until eligibility for carbon credits has been established. The mechanisms of biochar function in soil, which appear to be sensitive to the conditions prevailing during its formation or manufacture, are also affected by the material from which it is produced. Proposed mechanisms and some experimental evidence point to added environmental function in the mitigation of diffuse pollution and emissions of trace gases from soil; precluding the possibility of contaminants accumulating in soil from the incorporation of biochar is important to ensure safety and regulatory compliance.
Biochar is not a structured homogeneous material; rather it possesses a range of chemical structures and a heterogeneous elemental composition. This variability is based on the conditions of pyrolysis and the biomass parent material, with biochar spanning the range of various forms of black carbon. Thereby, this variability induces a broad spectrum in the observed rates of reactivity and, correspondingly, the overall chemical and microbial stability. From evaluating the current biochar and black carbon degradation studies, there is the suggestion of an overall relationship in biochar stability as a function of the molar ratio of oxygen to carbon (O:C) in the resulting black carbon. In general, a molar ratio of O:C lower than 0.2 appears to provide, at minimum, a 1000-year biochar half-life. The O:C ratio is a function of production temperature, but also accounts for other impacts (e.g., parent material and post-production conditioning/oxidation) that are not captured solely with production temperature. Therefore, the O:C ratio could provide a more robust indicator of biochar stability than production parameters (e.g., pyrolysis temperature and biomass type) or volatile matter determinations.
pstarr wrote:Why are you surprised that it is stable, it is pure carbon. Coal doesn't disappear and if you buried an old-timey pencil in the ground I'll bet the graphite 'lead' would outlive the wood. The problem with any sequestration solution, biochar or burial, is the energy required to build, operate, and maintain the system. In this case the energy (and emissions) cost of manufacturing quartz glass, fiber optics, and reflective panels for each and every shitter in the world (1 billion?) would certainly outweigh the benefits of the miniscule amount of fart-gas contained.Subjectivist wrote:The most interesting to bout biochar to me is its incredible stability. The scientifically tested soils in the amazon rain forest have been dated to be as much as 2400 years old in their char material. If that doesn'tshow biochar is a viable sequestration avenue I don't know what would.
Alfred Tennyson wrote:We are not now that strength which in old days
Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are;
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
We are looking for a self-organized group, with a demonstrated interest in biochar and at least 5 members, located anywhere in the North America, to host USBI's 2015 North American Conference.
This is a request for a preliminary proposal only. If selected for the final round, a more detailed proposal will be requested. The selected group will be the primary organizers of the Conference in late summer or early fall 2015 – but other dates may be considered. The location can be anywhere in North America (although travel costs will be a consideration).
Alfred Tennyson wrote:We are not now that strength which in old days
Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are;
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
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