JuanP wrote:I would say that there is a clear pattern of weather transitioning towards increasing droughts and floods. They will increase in regularity, intensity, and duration, IMO. We will probably spend the rest of our lives going from drought to flood and back in an endless cycle. Managing water resources will become increasingly important for human civilization and agriculture.
I expect mega droughts to become very regular events throughout the world. This will decimate many, if not most, ecosystems, particularly rainforests. It only takes one mega drought to completely destroy an ecosystem and cause irreversible damage. Most people don't see this coming.
Moderna and Pfizer have completed enrollment for studies of children ages 12 and older and expect to release the data over the summer. If regulators clear the results, younger teens could start getting vaccinated once there’s enough supply.
“For kids 12 and above, I think we’ll have a vaccine licensed before the 2021-2022 school year,” said Dr. Robert Frenck, director of the Gamble Vaccine Research Center and principal investigator for the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine trial at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center.
From 1928 to 1930, China was afflicted by a long drought.[6] The subsequent winter of 1930 was particularly harsh, creating large deposits of snow and ice in mountainous areas. In early 1931, melting snow and ice flowed downstream and arrived in the middle course of the Yangtze during a period of heavy spring rain. Ordinarily, the region experienced three periods of high water during the spring, summer and fall, respectively; however, in early 1931, there was a single continuous deluge
A flood myth or deluge myth is a myth in which a great flood, usually sent by a deity or deities, destroys civilization, often in an act of divine retribution. Parallels are often drawn between the flood waters of these myths and the primaeval waters which appear in certain creation myths, as the flood waters are described as a measure for the cleansing of humanity, in preparation for rebirth. Most flood myths also contain a culture hero, who "represents the human craving for life".[1]
Floods in the wake of the last glacial period may have inspired myths that survive to this day.[33] It has been postulated that in North America, flood myths may be based on a sudden rise in sea levels caused by the rapid draining of prehistoric Lake Agassiz at the end of the last Ice Age, about 8,400 years ago.[34]
The geography of the Mesopotamian area was considerably changed by the filling of the Persian Gulf after sea waters rose following the last glacial period. Global sea levels were about 120 m (390 ft) lower around 18,000 BP and rose until 8,000 BP when they reached current levels, which are now an average 40 m (130 ft) above the floor of the Gulf, which was a huge (800 km × 200 km, 500 mi × 120 mi) low-lying and fertile region in Mesopotamia, in which human habitation is thought to have been strong around the Gulf Oasis for 100,000 years. A sudden increase in settlements above the present water level is recorded at around 7,500 BP.[35][36]
Dogger Bank (Dutch: Doggersbank, German: Doggerbank, Danish: Doggerbanke) is a large sandbank in a shallow area of the North Sea about 100 kilometres (62 mi) off the east coast of England.
During the last ice age the bank was part of a large landmass connecting mainland Europe and the British Isles, now known as Doggerland. It has long been known by fishermen to be a productive fishing bank; it was named after the doggers, medieval Dutch fishing boats especially used for catching cod.
At the beginning of the 21st century the area was identified as a potential site for a UK round 3 wind farm, being developed as Dogger Bank Wind Farm.[1]
Geologically, the feature is most likely a moraine, formed during the Pleistocene.[3] At differing times during the last glacial period it was either joined to the mainland or an island. The bank was part of a large landmass, now known as Doggerland, which connected Britain to the European mainland until it was flooded some time after the end of the last glacial period.[6]
Fishing trawlers working the area have dredged up large amounts of moorpeat, remains of mammoth and rhinoceros, and occasionally Palaeolithic hunting artefacts.[7]
The 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake took place below the bank, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale and was the largest earthquake ever recorded in the United Kingdom. Its hypocentre was 23 kilometres (14 mi) beneath the bank, and the quake was felt in countries all around the North Sea, causing damage across eastern England.
The three Storegga Slides are considered to be amongst the largest known landslides. They occurred underwater, at the edge of Norway's continental shelf (Storegga is Norwegian for "the Great Edge"), in the Norwegian Sea, 100 km (62 mi) north-west of the Møre coast, causing very large tsunamis in the North Atlantic Ocean. These collapses involved an estimated 290 km (180 mi) length of coastal shelf, with a total volume of 3,500 km3 (840 cu mi) of debris.[2]
At, or shortly before, the time of the Second Storegga Slide, a land bridge known to archaeologists and geologists as "Doggerland" existed, linking Britain, Denmark and the Netherlands across what is now the southern North Sea. This area is believed to have included a coastline of lagoons, marshes, mudflats, and beaches, and to have been a rich hunting, fowling, and fishing ground populated by Mesolithic human cultures.[7][8][9]
Although Doggerland was permanently submerged through a gradual rise in sea level, it has been hypothesized that coastal areas of both Britain and mainland Europe, extending over areas which are now submerged, would have been temporarily inundated by a tsunami triggered by the Storegga Slide. This event would have had a catastrophic impact on the contemporary Mesolithic population.[10][11][12]
Although the tsunami caused by the Second Storegga Slide would have been devastating for those within the run-in zone, ultimately the tsunami was neither universally catastrophic nor the reason behind the inundation of the last vestiges of Doggerland.[13]
As part of the activities to prepare the Ormen Lange natural gas field, the incident has been thoroughly investigated. One conclusion is that the slide was caused by material built up during the previous glacial period and that a recurrence would be possible only after a new ice age.[2] Facts and arguments supporting this conclusion were made public in 2004, and thus it was concluded that the development of the Ormen Lange gas field would not significantly increase the risk of triggering a new slide.
The loss of Arctic sea-ice has been implicated with severe cold and snowy mid-latitude winters. However, the mechanisms and a direct link remain elusive due to limited observational evidence. Here we present atmospheric water vapour isotope measurements from Arctic Finland during ‘the Beast from the East’—a severe anticyclonic outbreak that brought heavy snowfall and freezing across Europe in February 2018. We find that an anomalously warm Barents Sea, with a 60% ice-free surface, supplied up to 9.3 mm d−1 moisture flux to this cold northeasterly airflow. We demonstrate that approximately 140 gigatonnes of water was evaporated from the Barents Sea during the event, potentially supplying up to 88% of the corresponding fresh snow over northern Europe. Reanalysis data show that from 1979 to 2020, net March evaporation across the Barents Sea increased by approximately 70 kg per square metre of sea-ice lost (r2 = 0.73, P < 0.01), concurrent with a 1.6 mm (water equivalent) per year increase in Europe’s maximum snowfall. Our analysis directly links Arctic sea-ice loss with increased evaporation and extreme snowfall, and signifies that by 2080, an Atlantified ice-free Barents Sea will be a major source of winter moisture for continental Europe.Much of Europe has been enjoying warmer than usual temperatures in recent days - but an unseasonably cold front is incoming, bringing with it snow, and potential disruption.
The UK for example has had record temperatures in some areas for the time of year, and the Met Office has indicated a “big change” is coming over the Easter weekend.
It will be “much colder than usual” and “much wetter too” by early next week, according to forecaster Alex Deakin, who said “very cold air is on its way” from the Arctic.
What exactly is driving this strange weather?
They used a geochemical isotopic fingerprinting technique to do this: because isotopes in water vapour from melted snow are different from those in water vapour from the sea, they were able to quantify exactly how much excess moisture had been released from the Barents Sea during this period.
“One hundred years ago, even 40 years ago in winter, the Barents Sea would be frozen. Now it’s become warm, it’s become salty, it’s become a much stronger evaporative source of moisture,” said Hubbard, who explained the ice acts as a “lid” on the ocean, stopping it from evaporating.
He adds that while the public gets “saturated” with warnings about climate change, it can often feel like something that is happening far away. But the melting of the Arctic ice, as this study shows, has serious effects in Europe.
“People feel insulated and remote from the actual effects of what’s going on,” says Hubbard.
“And OK we’re getting some hotter summers. But it’s all part of more extreme weather. Extreme weather is very bad for infrastructure, it brings countries to a standstill, very bad for agriculture, it really is creating a more inhospitable place.”
“This geochemical fingerprinting of the vapour that came from the Arctic is almost like getting the smoking gun of this effect. It’s something people have been talking about and speculating for a long time, but for the first time what we’ve shown is what goes on in the Arctic actually does have a big influence in the lower latitude, southern Europe and the UK.”
Being struck by lightning is not something people tend to worry about in the Arctic. Encountering a polar bear or being caught in a snowstorm are more pressing concerns. But new data shows that rising temperatures in the Arctic have significantly increased the probability of thunderstorms bubbling up, particularly during the summer months.
Researchers used the World Wide Lightning Location Network to monitor lightning strikes occurring at latitudes above 65°N for the years 2010 to 2020. Their findings, published in Geophysical Research Letters, show the number of lightning strikes during the summer months tripled over this time period, from about 18,000 strikes in 2010 to more than 150,000 in 2020. Over the same time period Arctic temperatures increased by an average of 0.3C, creating more favourable conditions for intense summer thunderstorms.
Arctic ice loss forces polar bears to use four times as much energy to survive – study
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Compared with other more lightning-prone parts of the world, the risk of being hit by lightning in the Arctic is still low, but the rising threat combined with a lack of awareness about lightning among the local population is likely to make people more vulnerable to being caught out. And as Arctic sea ice continues to retreat (about 13% a decade, according to Nasa), shipping vessels may also have to start taking the threat of lightning seriously.
Alfred Tennyson wrote:We are not now that strength which in old days
Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are;
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.
Tanada wrote:Not quite a deluge but over the last four days I have emptied a total of 2.5+" (63mm) of rain out of my gauge. Fields are flooded and the drainage system is straining to deal with it all.
New research from UC Santa Barbara geologist James Kennett and colleagues examines a shift from a glacial to an interglacial climate that began about 630,000 years ago. Their research demonstrates that, although this transition developed over seven centuries, the initial shift required only 50 years. Called a deglacial episode because of its association with the melting of large Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, this interval illustrates the extreme sensitivity to change of Earth's climate system. The findings appear in the journal Paleoceanography.
"One of the most astonishing things about our results is the abruptness of the warming in sea surface temperatures," explained co-author Kennett, a professor emeritus in UCSB's Department of Earth Science. "Of the 45 degree Fahrenheit total, a shift of about 40 degrees occurred almost immediately right at the beginning."
"Kennett noted that this remarkable record of paleoclimate changes also raises an important question: What process can possibly push Earth's climate so fast from a glacial to an interglacial state? The researchers may have discovered the answer based on the core's geochemical record: The warming associated with the major climatic shift was accompanied by simultaneous releases of methane -- a potent greenhouse gas.
"This particular episode of climate change is closely associated with instability that caused the release of methane from gas hydrates at the ocean floor," Kennett said. "These frozen forms of methane melt when temperatures rise or pressure decreases. Changes in sea level affect the stability of gas hydrates and water temperature even more so.
"The clear synchronism of this rapid warming and the onset of the destabilization of gas hydrates is important," Kennett concluded. "It suggests that methane hydrate instability and the warming are somehow linked, which is an interesting and potentially important observation. The beauty of these paleoclimate records from the Santa Barbara Basin is that you can actually determine these relationships at high fidelity."
The ministry said that on average, 87 millimetres of rain fell in Hulunbuir over the weekend and as much as 223 millimetres at the Morin Dawa monitoring station.
Extreme weather has hit several parts of the world in recent weeks with flooding in Europe and heatwaves in North America, adding to worries about climate change.
NASA scientists have studied 17 years of gravity observations of our planet to understand how the global water cycle is changing.
The rate at which plants and the land surface release moisture into the air has increased on a global scale between 2003 and 2019. These processes are collectively known as evapotranspiration, and a new NASA study has calculated its increase by using observations from gravity satellites.
By gauging the mass change of water between the oceans and the continents, the researchers determined that evapotranspiration’s rate of increase is up to two times higher than previous estimates. This is important because evapotranspiration represents a critical branch of the global water cycle – a cycle that creates the conditions for life on land.
While it is known that a warming climate should increase the rate of evapotranspiration, accurate global measurements have, until now, been elusive.
“Our study found that evapotranspiration has increased by about 10% since 2003, which is more than previously estimated, and is mostly due to warming temperatures,” said Madeleine Pascolini-Campbell, a postdoctoral researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California, who led the study. “We hope that this information about the water cycle will help to better inform the development and validation of climate models.”
Climate change increases our risk of both heavy rains and extreme droughts. But why – and how – is that? Aren't the two contradictory?
Science has shown that climate change touches every corner of our planet’s ecosystem, and the water cycle is no exception. Because the processes involved are highly dependent on temperature, changes in one have consequences on the other. Specifically, as global temperatures have steadily increased at their fastest rates in millions of years, it’s directly affected things like water vapor concentrations, clouds, precipitation patterns, and stream flow patterns, which are all related to the water cycle.
So how does climate change impact the water cycle? We’ve created an infographic below that illustrates what’s going on, but we’ll describe it here too. Put simply, water evaporates from the land and sea, which eventually returns to Earth as rain and snow. Climate change intensifies this cycle because as air temperatures increase, more water evaporates into the air. Warmer air can hold more water vapor, which can lead to more intense rainstorms, causing major problems like extreme flooding in coastal communities around the world.
But it doesn’t end there. At the same time that some areas are experiencing stronger storms, others are experiencing more dry air and even drought. Like we mentioned above, as temperatures rise, evaporation increases and soils dry out. Then when rain does come, much of the water runs off the hard ground into rivers and streams, and the soil remains dry. The result? Still more evaporation from the soil and an increased risk of drought.
Check out the infographic below to see how climate change is affecting the water cycle.
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